{"id":944,"date":"2026-04-02T21:19:42","date_gmt":"2026-04-02T18:19:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/apo-ton-polemo-tous-ethnikismous-kai-ta-orykta-kafsima-se-mia-pagkosmia-eirini-dikaiosyni-kai-viosimi-anaptyxi-tou-giorgou-emmanouil\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T21:33:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T18:33:52","slug":"apo-ton-polemo-tous-ethnikismous-kai-ta-orykta-kafsima-se-mia-pagkosmia-eirini-dikaiosyni-kai-viosimi-anaptyxi-tou-giorgou-emmanouil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/apo-ton-polemo-tous-ethnikismous-kai-ta-orykta-kafsima-se-mia-pagkosmia-eirini-dikaiosyni-kai-viosimi-anaptyxi-tou-giorgou-emmanouil\/","title":{"rendered":"FROM WAR, NATIONALISMS AND FOSSIL FUELS TO GLOBAL PEACE, JUSTICE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, by Georgios EMMANOUIL"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-668 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/peace.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/peace.jpg 316w, https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/peace-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Since the creation of the <strong>United Nations<\/strong> in 1945, humanity has never faced such interrelated and existential challenges. The climate crisis, the uncontrolled development of artificial intelligence, competition for the control of energy resources and their routes, the concentration of wealth in the hands of a global and unaccountable economic elite, the spread of nuclear weapons, and the return of large-scale regional wars form an unprecedented explosive mixture, dangerous for the very survival of humanity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Instead of multilateral peaceful cooperation, the world is being driven into a new era of militarization. Military spending has risen to historic highs, as recorded by the <strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute<\/strong>, exceeding 2 trillion dollars annually. This enormous waste of resources does not enhance security; on the contrary, it fuels conflicts, widens inequalities, and accelerates environmental destruction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Humanity stands at a historic crossroads: either it will continue down the path of wars and destruction, or it will choose cooperation, peace, and sustainable development.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Peaceful coexistence or global destabilization<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The peaceful coexistence of states is not a romantic ideal; it is the only realistic strategy for the survival of human civilization. In a world where crises are global and interdependent, no country can survive in isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The principle of <strong>common security<\/strong> must replace the logic of military superiority. Security cannot be based on weapons, but on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">social justice <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">economic equality <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">environmental sustainability <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">international, multilateral cooperation <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The continuation of militarization leads to a vicious circle of fear, rivalries, and conflicts.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Iran: Energy, geopolitics and war<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The confrontation and aggression of <strong>Israel<\/strong> and the <strong>United States<\/strong>\u2014raising serious issues of violation of international law\u2014first in <span lang=\"en-US\">the Palestinian <\/span>Gaza and the West Bank and now against <strong>Iran<\/strong> and <strong>Lebanon<\/strong>, are not simply regional conflicts. They are directly linked to the control of energy resources and geopolitical balances, while often using nationalism and religious fundamentalisms as ideological vehicles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Dependence on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">oil <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">natural gas <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">fossil fuels <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">feeds conflicts and tensions. As long as the world remains trapped in this energy model, wars will continue to reproduce themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The answer is not military, but profoundly political and energy-related. A just and universal green transition can drastically reduce conflicts and lay the foundations for peace:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">phasing out fossil fuels <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">transitioning to renewable energy sources <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">implementing the <strong>Paris Agreement<\/strong> for climate neutrality by 2050 <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">respecting international law and the <b>UN principles <\/b>of peaceful coexistence\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/defending-multilateral-and-equal-trade-and-the-cooperative-institutions-of-the-un-is-a-prerequisite-for-lasting-peace-by-georgios-emmanouil\/\">https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/defending-multilateral-and-equal-trade-and-the-cooperative-institutions-of-the-un-is-a-prerequisite-for-lasting-peace-by-georgios-emmanouil\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Ukraine: A war without winners<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The war in <strong>Ukraine<\/strong> is one of the most dangerous conflicts of the modern era. It is not only a territorial conflict with strong nationalist features; it is also a conflict of geopolitical interests and energy routes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The reality is harsh:<br \/>\nthere is no military solution, and there is no \u201cvictory\u201d without destruction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The continuation of the war:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">reinforces dependence on armaments <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">deepens geopolitical polarization <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">increases the risk of nuclear escalation <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">At the same time, it highlights the need to break free from fossil fuels.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Peace in Ukraine requires:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><b>active diplomacy by the <\/b><strong>EU<\/strong> and a new common security architecture in Europe, with the participation of all, including Ukraine and Russia <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">acceleration of the energy transition <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">gradual demilitarization and the transfer of resources to sustainable development <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>NATO and the new arms race<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The expansion of <strong>NATO<\/strong> and the revival of the logic of military blocs intensify tensions rather than reduce them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The new arms race:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">increases the risk of a wider spread of conflicts <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">absorbs enormous resources from social needs and sustainable development and channels them into military armaments and the military-industrial complex <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Global security cannot be based on military alliances, but on a system of collective security under the United Nations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Nuclear weapons: The ultimate threat<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The existence of nuclear weapons constitutes the greatest existential threat to humanity. Thousands of nuclear warheads remain on operational alert.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">However, the international environment is deteriorating. The expiration of the <strong>New START Treaty<\/strong> between the United States and Russia, without a successor agreement, leaves for the first time in decades the two largest nuclear powers without any legally binding limits on their strategic nuclear arsenals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">At the same time, the international community is preparing for the <strong>First Review Meeting of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)<\/strong> in the autumn of 2026, a development that makes a clear position by all states necessary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The <strong>TPNW<\/strong> is the most modern, complementary, and legally binding treaty of the United Nations on nuclear weapons. It has already been signed by 99 states and constitutes the only international legal framework that fully prohibits nuclear weapons, as is already the case with chemical and biological weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">What is required is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">global <span lang=\"en-US\">Institutional <\/span>control <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">gradual nuclear disarmament <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">the strengthening and universal implementation of international treaties <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The <strong>United Nations<\/strong> must play a central role in this process.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>From weapons to sustainable development<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The United Nations itself has repeatedly called for:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">a reduction in armaments <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">the redirection of resources toward: <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">the fight against hunger <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">sustainable development <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">In a world where hundreds of millions of people live in poverty, military waste is not only ineffective, but morally unacceptable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Reforming the United Nations: Democracy and multilateralism<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The <strong>United Nations<\/strong> remains trapped in an outdated system of power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">What is needed is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><b>limiting the veto<\/b> power of powerful states <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">strengthening the <strong>General Assembly<\/strong> <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">greater representation of the <b>Global South<\/b> <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">strengthening the participation of <b>civil society<\/b> <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">The democratic reform of the United Nations is a precondition for a just and peaceful world.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Conclusion: Another world is necessary and possible<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">Humanity cannot continue along the path of wars and destruction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">We need:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">peace everywhere <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">multilateral cooperation <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">ecological transition <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">social justice <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">A world where security will not be based on fear, but on cooperation.<br \/>\nA world where resources will serve life and not war.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">This world is not a utopia. It is an urgent historical necessity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">A strong <b>global peace movement <\/b>of democratic organizations and active citizens is essential for the revitalization of multilateral institutions and the United Nations, as well as for the prevention of wars and the building of a world of peace and sustainable development for all.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Georgios Emmanouil<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-US\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Representative of Naturefriends,Greece in International Peace Bureau<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u00a0 Since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, humanity has never faced such interrelated and existential challenges. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=944"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":948,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/944\/revisions\/948"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emmanouilreview.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}